At the same time Nikephoros, still in his youth, was taken into the imperial retinue, and was soon appointed to the guard corps of the manglabitai. Cedrenus records that "Nicephorus, Nicephori imperatoris avus" campaigned in Sicily and for a brief time expelled "Saracenos" from Italy. Nikephoros increased taxes to fund his wars, although the taxes probably fell the most heavily on his own class, the Anatolian military elite. He entered Constantinople 14 Aug 963, was crowned 16 Aug, and married his predecessor's widow. F????) After securing the throne, it did not take long for Nikephoros to resume his wars against the Muslims. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. ???? His reign, however, included controversy. [3] By the time of his departure, he had extended Byzantine control over most of Apulia and Calabria. The military achievements of the emperors Nikephoros Phokas, John Tzimiskes, and Basil II brought the Byzantine Empire to the height of its power by the early eleventh century. Thecla. However, the Byzantine forces were ambushed and were defeated for good in 965 CE, with the Fatimids taking the last Byzantine strongholds on the island. Their return to prominence was certainly well established by 1022, when Nikephoros “the wry-necked” Phokas, great-nephew of Nikephoros II, led a revolt against Basil II (r. 976–1025). Nikēphoros II Phōkas, Emperor of the East. Pages in category "Nikephoros II Phokas" This category contains only the following page. The government of the Byzantine Empire was headed and dominated... John I Tzimiskes was Byzantine emperor from 969 to 976 CE. He was acclaimed Emperor NIKEFOROS II by his troops in Cæsarea. Goodyear, Michael. [3][4] Eventually he rose to the post of military governor (strategos) of the theme of Charsianon, a post from which, according to the continuators of Georgios Monachos, he scored "numerous" but unspecified successes against the Arabs. 912-969. Sayf suffered a series of defeats which undermined his authority, and the Byzantine army captured the major cities of Hadath and Samosata. Nikephoros then took over control of the Byzantine armies from his father Bardas in 955 CE. Yet this action highlighted the rising disconnect between people and ruler. The Rise and Fall of Nikephoros II Phokas, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. nikephoros II phokas and orthodox military martyrs Meredith Riedel Duke University abstract The Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–69), revered by the Orthodox Church as a saint, is reviled in John Skylitzes’s eleventh-century chronicle. Sayf faced internal rebellion for the next five years while Nikephoros received news that Romanos II had died. Following the conquest of Cyprus, Nikephoros conquered Cilicia and celebrated another triumph in Constantinople. Nikephoros now returned with a vengeance. Nikephoros II Phokas soldaat uit Byzantijnse Rijk (912-969) Nikēphoros Phōkas 912-969 . "Nikephoros II Phokas." Tzimiskes was born sometime around 925 to an unnamed member of the Kourkouas family and the sister of future Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. But there was some sort of falling out between Nikephoros and Petar, and Nikephoros paid the Rus leader, Sviatoslav (r. 945-972 CE), to raid Bulgaria. Nikephoros II Phokas, Emperor of Byzantium's Geni Profile. Nikephoros II Phokas waged numerous wars throughout his reign. The marriage was eventually validated, but not without pitting Nikephoros against Polyeuktos. Cite This Work If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Otto’s troops continued to make deep raids into Byzantine southern Italy, but without achieving any real change in the status quo. [1][2][3] During one of the campaigns of Emperor Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867–886) sometime in the 870s (probably c. 872), Nikephoros' father caught the emperor's attention and was raised to the rank of tourmarches. Nicephorus II Phocas, (Greek: Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς, Nikēphoros II Phōkas), was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire from 963 to 969. Emperor Romanos II left the government entirely in the hands of Nikeforos Fokas, the latter capturing Crete in 961, and Anazarbus and Marash in Germanikaia in 962. Nikephoros II Phokas was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. Date: 20 mars 2007: Source : en:Image:Nikephoros Phokas flag.jpg: Auteur: Traced by User:Stannered: Autorisation (Réutilisation de ce fichier) GFDL origgyjujtinal: Autres versions: en:I Nikephoros, Phokas, ca. So did his grandsons through Bardas, Nikephoros and Leo Phokas the Younger, with the first becoming emperor as Nikephoros II in 963–969. Liutprand of Cremona’s description of Nikephoros Phokas was probably conditioned more by the wounds to his amour propre inflicted by Byzantine court officials than by any disinterested analysis of the emperor’s character, but it is a judgement which has influenced much of the subsequent writing on Nikephoros’ reign. Related Content In 961 when the news about Nikephoros Phokas success in Crete arrived in Constantinople, he became very popular and festivities were organised in the hippodrome .After his success in Crete he returned to the eastern front to deal with the main rival of the Byzantines the Hamdanid emir who was based in Halepi(Aleppo).In 962 Nikephoros Phokas took the initiative to … Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912 and be­longed to a Cap­pado­cian Greek fam­ily which had pro­duced sev­eral dis­tin­guished gen­er­als, in­clud­ing Nikephoros' fa­ther Bar­das Phokas, brother Leo Phokas, and grand­fa­ther Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, who had all served as com­man­ders of the field army (do­mestikos tōn scholōn). He also appointed his nephew, John Tzimiskes, to be domestikos, or commander, of the East and appointed his brother, Leo, to logothetes, or administrator of the state finances. Nikephoros Phokas was born around 912 and belonged to a Cappadocian Greek family which had produced several distinguished generals, including Nikephoros' father Bardas Phokas, brother Leo Phokas, and grandfather Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, who had all served as commanders of the field army (domestikos tōn scholōn). Nikephoros II Phokas (Latinized: Nicephorus II Phocas) (Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς, Nikēphoros II Phōkas) (c. 912 – 10–11 December 969) was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. Nikephoros was killed in the battle, the second Roman emperor to suffer this fate since Valens in the Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378). Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. On August 16, 963, Nikephoros II Phokas entered the city of Constantinople in triumph as its new emperor, acclaimed by the army, and just six years later was brutally assassinated on the evening of December 11, 969. Known as “White Death of the Saracens,” Nikephoros was a fearsome commander who conquered Crete, Cilicia, and much of Syria. Cyprus had been split between Byzantine and Arab rule for over two centuries, with the revenues from the island split equally between the two powers. He died either in 895/6 or, less likely, sometime c. 900. While directing the strategoi of the Anatolics and of the Opsician Theme to deal with the Arab invasion, Nikephoros led his forces to raid the vicinity of Adana, making many prisoners, and confounded the Arabs by following a different course on his return, thereby avoiding the Arab army sent to block his retreat. Nikephoros II Phokas (Latinized: Nicephorus II Phocas; Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς, Nikēphóros II Phōkãs; c. 912 – 11 December 969) was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. Nikephoros besieged the Cretan capital of Chandax (modern Heraklion), and superior numbers and scare tactics (Nikephoros catapulted slain Arabs’ heads into the city) allowed Nikephoros to conquer Crete in 961 CE after breaching the walls of Chandax. Nikephoros II Phokas or Nicephorus II Phocas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκάς, Nikēphoros II Phōkas), (c. 912 – 969), Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. [edit] Family. Nikephoros, Phokas, ca. A patrician from Seleucia Sidera, Nikephoros was appointed finance minister by the Empress Irene. Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid Emir of Mosul, dies. While he is known as a great military commander, he was a poor politician, and his reign was cut short by his murder. Nikephoros “the wry-necked” was proclaimed emperor in Cappadocia by an army composed of military aristocracy whose power had been weakened by Basil II. [4], Shortly after, at any rate before 878, Nikephoros was promoted to the rank of protostrator and received from the emperor his own palace in the vicinity of the Church of St. 912-969. Antioch fell to Byzantine forces in 969 CE. 912-969. This volume provides annotated English translations, with facing Greek, of five texts related to the career of Nikephoros II Phokas, first as a military commander and later as emperor (r. 963-969). He won the war in the East against the Arabs and because of that, he wore the title of Commander of the Eastern troops. On December 10-11, 969 CE, John Tzimiskes, whom Nikephoros had placed under house arrest sometime after 965 CE, was hoisted into the palace by his co-conspirators, potentially with the support of Empress Theophano. His reign, however, included controversy. [11] Skylitzes assesses him as a "brave and prudent man, pious towards God and just towards men". N. Nicephorus II; Media in category "Nikephoros II Phokas" The following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. When Sayf al-Dawla died in 967 CE, however, Syria erupted into civil wars and became highly fragmented. Goodyear, Michael. In comparison, Theophano was known as a great beauty and interested in the finer things in life. Nikephoros II Phokas (Latinized: Nicephorus II Phocas; Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς, Nikēphóros II Phōkãs; c. 912 – 11 December 969) was Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969. Although... John Tzimiskes is appointed domestikos of the East in the. Nikephoros was a highly devout man and brought Christian relics from his conquests back to Constantinople. Empress of Nikephoros Phokas On March 15, 963, Emperor Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six. In The Rise and Fall of Nikephoros II Phokas, Denis Sullivan presents five Byzantine Greek texts that document the remarkable career of Nikephoros II Phokas, emperor from 963 until his death in 969.The first three texts are historical chronicles covering the period 944-963, which sees Nikephoras’ rise from military general. Nikephoros Nikephoros II Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans Phokas was born in 912, in Cappadocia, Imperium Romanum, to Bardas the Elder Phokas and Maleina Phokaina. Liutprand of Cremona’s description of Nikephoros Phokas was probably conditioned more by the wounds to his amour propre inflicted by Byzantine court officials than by any disinterested analysis of the emperor’s character, but it is a judgement which has influenced much of the subsequent writing on Nikephoros’ reign. [3][14][15], By all accounts, Nikephoros Phokas was a capable soldier. Entry of Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-969) into Constantinople as emperor, from the Madrid Skylitzes. Nikēphoros Emperor of the East, II Phōkas, 912-969. His forces marched on Constantinople, where Bringas became increasingly unpopular. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Nikephoros_II_Phokas/. [3][13], No definite conclusion as to the date of Nikephoros' death can be reached today, but most modern scholars, such as Jean-Claude Cheynet, are doubtful of the version of Theophanes Continuatus. The regions of Apulia, Calabria and Basilicata would remain firmly under Byzantine control until the 11th century. Nikephoros returned to Syria in 968 CE, marching as far south as Tripoli in modern Lebanon and acquired the important port city of Laodikeia. His brilliant military exploits contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. He sacked Anazarbos and then Hierapolis (modern Manbij) in 962 CE. In spring 970, following the murder of his great-uncle Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by John I Tzimiskes, Bardas Phokas tried to raise a rebellion against the new regime in the family's base at Cappadocia, but Tzimiskes dispatched Bardas Skleros against him. Nikephoros Phokas (Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, Nikēphoros Phōkas; died 895/6 or ca. [3] During his time in Italy he also took steps to strengthen the Byzantine position by settling many Armenians in the region, as well as 1,000 manumitted slaves donated by Emperor Basil's old benefactor, the widow Danielis. Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, an eminent Byzantine general, grand-father of emperor Nikephoros II Phokas; Nikephoros II Phokas, Byzantine Emperor from 963 to 969; Nikiforos Fokas, a municipality in Greece; This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. At the end of the year, he looted Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla’s capital. Emperor: Nikephoros II Phokas (963-969) Type: Standard circulation coin: Years: 963-969: Value: Miliaresion = 1/12 Solidus (1/12) Currency: Second Solidus Nomisma (720-1092) Composition: Silver: Diameter: 24 mm: Shape: Round: Demonetized: Yes: Obverse. Nikephoros Phokas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς), surnamed Barytrachelos (Βαρυτράχηλος, "heavy-neck"; Armenian: Cṙ[a]viz, Georgian: Carvezi, "wry-neck"), was a Byzantine aristocrat and magnate, the last major member of the Phokas family to try and claim the imperial throne. The Patriarch of Constantinople then crowned Nikephoros co-emperor with the young future Basil II (r. 976-1025 CE) and Constantine VIII (r. 1025-1028 CE). However, her proposed marriage alliance with Charlemagne, king of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans in the west, was a step too far for the Byz… Ancient History Encyclopedia, 06 Jul 2018. Bringas didn't give up, he considered Nikephoros Phokas a main enemy for his throne aspirations and attempted to organise a conspiracy by contacting the generals Ioannes Tzimisces and Romanos Kourkouas to get rid of Nikephoros. 912-969. After Nikephoros … During the 6 years of his rule, Phokas alienated the sympathies of his followers and was assassinated at the behest of his wife and her lover. According to Skylitzes, the grateful Italians dedicated a church in his honour. Nikephoros then took over control of the Byzantine armies from his father Bardas in 955 CE. Entrance of the emperor Nikephoros Phocas (963-969) into Constantinople in 963 from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes.jpg 850 × 348; 64 KB Erhebung gegen Kaiser Nikephoros Phokas.jpg 1,008 × 528; 96 KB NIKEPHOROS PHOKAS achievements as well as by older, pacific standards. His reign, however, included controversy. Both of his sons later succeeded him as Domestics of the Schools. Nikephoros’ strategy involved a multi-pronged offensive and raids on Sayf’s territories, as well as those of his allies in Cilicia. Krum is said to have made a drinking-cup of Nikephoros' skull. 912-969. [3][4] He possibly participated in Basil's 873 campaign against Samosata. Nikēphoros II Phōkas, Emperor of the East, 912-969. Liutprand of Cremona's description of Nikephoros Phokas was probably conditioned more by the wounds to his amour propre inflicted by Byzantine court officials than by any disinterested analysis of the emperor's character, but it is a judgement which has influenced much of the subsequent writing on Nikephoros' reign. He also has a J.D. In 964 CE, Nikephoros forbade endowments for new monasteries and gifts to existing ones. His greatest triumph as general (domestikos [q.v.] In the centre is the bust of Nikephoros II in a cross shaped frame. Nikēphoros II Phōkas, Emperor of the East, 912-969. His grandsons Nikephoros and Leo were likewise distinguished generals, while the former became emperor in 963–969, spearheading the recovery of several lost provinces from the Arabs. Nikephoros Phokas 912-969. Skylitzes’s criticism has been widely quoted to support many claims but never examined on its This undated raid probably took place either in the years before or directly after the Bulgarian war. Last modified July 06, 2018. Nikephoros Phokas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, romanized: Nikēphoros Phōkas; died 895/6 or c. 900), usually surnamed the Elder to distinguish him from his grandson, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, was one of the most prominent Byzantine generals of the late 9th century, and the first important member of the Phokas family. According to one source, Nikephoros even demanded that soldiers killed in battle with the Muslims should be proclaimed martyrs (Skylitzes 274-75). Marriage to Nikephoros II Phokas On March 15, 963, Emperor Romanos II died unexpectedly at the age of twenty-six. BARDAS Phokas, son of NIKEPHOROS Phokas & his wife --- (-969, bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria). Crete had been a major thorn in the side of Byzantium; its conquest by Arabs from Spain in the 820s CE had opened the door to devastating raids throughout the Aegean, and the Byzantines had failed on five previous occasions to retake the island. [9] These victories were followed up by his successors and laid the foundation of a resurgence of Byzantine power in southern Italy, culminating in the establishment of the theme of Longobardia in c. 892. Otto also allied himself with the Lombard dukes of Southern Italy, traditional enemies of the Byzantines. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Written by Michael Goodyear, published on 06 July 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. https://www.ancient.eu/Nikephoros_II_Phokas/. ??? Nikephoros is crowned and wearing loros. Nikephorus Byzantinisches Reich, Kaiser 912-969. Nikephoros was appointed to strategos, or governor-general, of the Anatolikon Theme, a major Byzantine province, by Constantine VII. Nikêforos Fôkas. It was Nikephoros' military achievement which provided the major area However, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Polyeuktos, protested, pointing out that Nikephoros had stood as the godfather of Basil or Constantine, which in the eyes of the church made him the same as a biological parent. Following an army rebellion against the emperor Maurice in 602, Phocas was sent to Constantinople as spokesman. NIKEPHOROS Phokas (-[885/95]). [3] Nikephoros' command in Italy lasted until his recall to Constantinople following the accession of Leo VI the Wise, in late 886. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. In 969, however, Nikephoros brought Yuhannan to Constantinople, made him debate doctrinal matters, and exiled him and other Syrian Church leaders when they refused to accept Orthodoxy. [4][5], This is the last campaign associated with Nikephoros Phokas, and Symeon Logothetes reports that he died in 895/6. His brilliant military exploits contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. [3][4][6], In 895, he was sent against the Bulgarians at the head of a large army. [3] His command involved the forces of several western themes (Thrace, Macedonia, Cephallenia, Longobardia and Calabria), but Theophanes Continuatus also reports that Nikephoros received further reinforcements from the themes of Asia Minor, including a Paulician detachment. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. His mother, whose name is unknown, was a member of another powerful Anatolian Greek clan, the Maleinoi.Early in his life Nikephoros had married Stephano. Nicephorus II Phocas, Emperor of the East, 912-969; Detailed View John Tzimiskes and his co-conspirators broke into Nikephoros’ sleeping chambers and murdered the sleeping Nikephoros. However, the implicit agreement was that Nikephoros would protect Basil and Constantine and rule in their stead, not found a new dynasty. Nikēforos Focas empereur d'Orient 0912-0969. Nicephorus II Phocas, Emperor of the East, 912-969. Nikephorus Byzantinisches Reich, Kaiser II. Nikephoros was appointed to strategos, or governor-general, of the Anatolikon Theme, a major Byzantine province, by Constantine VII. 900), usually surnamed the Elder to distinguish him from his grandson, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, was one of the most prominent Byzantine generals of the late 9th century, and the first important member of the Phokas … Sayf al-Dawla's Hamdanid Dynasty ruled large swaths of Syria and Iraq, and he led numerous campaigns against the Byzantine Empire during the 950s CE. His reign, however, included controversy. EMPEROR (PHOKAS) The source for the early part of the pedigree of the Phokas family is Gustave Schlumberger. After his return, he was raised to the post of Domestic of the Schools, in effect commander-in-chief of the army, which he led with success against the Arabs in the east and the Bulgarians of Tsar Simeon in the Balkans. Irene the Athenian (r. 797-802 CE) had been the first-ever woman to rule as Byzantine emperor in her own right. A former finance minister who did much to improve the state economy, Nikephoros was not particularly popular with the empire’s overtaxed peasants and overregulated merchants. This only fanned the flames of Bringas' unpopularity and led to riots, which were strengthened when Basil Lekapenos, the former chief administrator of Constantine VII, paid 3,000 men to join the protestors. Ancient History Encyclopedia. In 966 CE, Nikephoros marched his army east into Syria but achieved no real benefits. Phokas or Phocas (Template:Lang-el), feminine form Phokaina (Greek: Φώκαινα), was the name of a Byzantine aristocratic clan from Cappadocia, which in the 9th and 10th centuries provided a series of high-ranking generals and an emperor, Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–969). , as well as those of his departure, he looted Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla in! His wife -- - ( -969, bur Constantinople, Monastery Ta Gastria ) man and brought relics! 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Nicephorus Phocas was the son of Bardas Phocas, emperor Romanos in 963, a. S capital his predecessor 's widow following page '' as children of `` Nicephorusàdux in Thracesiorum themate.... Him for his military ability and character University of Chicago, where he prmarily studied Byzantine History marched Constantinople. Some Rights Reserved ( 2009-2021 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted to. A native of Cappadocia?? da ( Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, nikēphoros Phōkas 912-969 been... Civil wars and became highly fragmented important Byzantine general in Anatolia, on the borders of the East,.... On 06 July 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike campaign... Nikephoros made his elderly father Bardas in 955 CE emperor Maurice in 602 Phocas. Near Eastern Languages and emperor nikephoros phokas from the Fatimids was similarly raised to be a soldier general... Great military commander, and Nikephoros was appointed to strategos, or governor-general, of founder... Be proclaimed martyrs ( Skylitzes 274-75 ) Constantinople was running high Nikephoros forbade for. ; died 895/6 or, less likely, sometime c. 900 of Cilicia and celebrated another in... Great military commander, and Nikephoros was appointed to strategos, or governor-general, of the war Bulgaria! A series of defeats which undermined his authority, and not historically.!